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Plants
Journal Description
Plants
Plants
is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on plant science published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Australian Society of Plant Scientists (ASPS), the Spanish Phytopathological Society (SEF), the Spanish Society of Plant Physiology (SEFV), the Spanish Society of Horticultural Sciences (SECH) and the Italian Society of Phytotherapy (S.I.Fit.) are affiliated with Plants and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, PubAg, AGRIS, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Plant Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (Plant Science)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first
decision is provided to authors approximately 15.3 days after submission; acceptance
to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in
this journal in the second half of 2023).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.5 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.8 (2022)
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ISSN: 2223-7747
Latest Articles
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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1630 KiB)
20 pages, 2623 KiB
Open AccessArticle
A Genome-Wide Analysis of the BAM Gene Family and Identification of the Cold-Responsive Genes in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)
by
Longbo Liu, Suwan Xu, Lehao Zhang and Jie Zheng
Plants 2024, 13(10), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101321 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Beta-amylases (BAMs, EC 3.2.1.2), belonging to a multigene family, play a pivotal role in starch breakdown and are also involved in hormonal and stress responses, notably to cold stress. Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum L.) are adapted to warm climates and are sensitive
[...] Read more.
Beta-amylases (BAMs, EC 3.2.1.2), belonging to a multigene family, play a pivotal role in starch breakdown and are also involved in hormonal and stress responses, notably to cold stress. Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum L.) are adapted to warm climates and are sensitive to cold temperatures. In this study, we analyzed eight PgBAM genes from the pomegranate genome dataset. These members unevenly distributed across chromosomes and were categorized into four groups based on their orthologous members. The motif composition was highly consistent among most members. In contrast, exon numbers and arrangements were conserved within groups or subgroups, whereas significant diversity was observed between different groups. A syntenic analysis revealed that three PgBAM members (PgBAM1/4/5) showed a total of 11 syntenic relationships with the BAM members from Arabidopsis, kiwifruit, and Chinese white pear, respectively. Promoter binding motif prediction suggested potential roles for PgBAMs’ genes in light, stress, hormones, and development signaling. Gene expression indicated that PgBAM4 was predominantly expressed in leaves, PgBAM7 in flowers, and PgBAM8 in roots and leaves and during fruit ripening, particularly in pericarp development. A transcriptome analysis identified the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway (map00500) as a key factor in the cold stress response of cold-sensitive cultivar ‘Tunisia’ seedlings. PgBAM4 exhibited remarkable expression and was closely associated with the cold-responsive BAM genes, characterized by a closer phylogenetic relationship, conserved catalytic residues, and similar secondary and tertiary structures. Moreover, the differences in soluble sugar levels and PgBAM4 expression were closely associated with the varying cold stress resistance observed between ‘Tunisia’ and ‘Sanbai’ seedlings. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed that PgCBF7, a critical transcription factor for enhancing freezing tolerance, binds to the promoter region of PgBAM4. Our findings provide a systematic overview of the PgBAM gene family and shed new light on the regulatory mechanisms underlying cold stress tolerance in pomegranate.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth, Development, and Stress Response of Horticulture Plants)
13 pages, 1516 KiB
Open AccessReview
Widening Genetic Diversity Using Embryo Rescue in Cucurbit Crops: A Review
by
Chinreddy Subramanyam Reddy, Sahithi Ramireddy and Umesh K. Reddy
Plants 2024, 13(10), 1320; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101320 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Embryo rescue is a vital technique in cucurbit breeding and propagation, addressing challenges such as embryo abortion, poor seed viability, and incompatibility barriers. This method involves the excision of immature embryos from seeds followed by their in vitro culture on a nutrient medium,
[...] Read more.
Embryo rescue is a vital technique in cucurbit breeding and propagation, addressing challenges such as embryo abortion, poor seed viability, and incompatibility barriers. This method involves the excision of immature embryos from seeds followed by their in vitro culture on a nutrient medium, providing an environment conducive to their growth and development. In cucurbits, embryo rescue has been extensively utilized to overcome barriers to hybridization, enabling the production of interspecific and intergeneric hybrids with desired traits. Various factors, including genotype, developmental stage of embryos, and culture conditions, influence the success of embryo rescue in cucurbits. Optimal nutrient formulations, growth regulators, and culture techniques are critical for promoting embryo germination, shoot elongation, and subsequent plantlet establishment. Additionally, embryo rescue facilitates the recovery of valuable genetic material from wild and exotic cucurbit species, expanding genetic diversity and developing novel cultivars with improved traits such as disease resistance, yield, and quality. This review highlights the principles, applications, and advancements in embryo rescue technology in cucurbits, emphasizing its significance in cucurbit breeding programs and crop improvement efforts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture: Advances and Applications)
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 Figure 1 20 pages, 1058 KiB Open AccessReview Factors Influencing Seed Dormancy and Germination and Advances in Seed Priming Technology by Yanfeng Fu, Li Ma, Juncai Li, Danping Hou, Bo Zeng, Like Zhang, Chunqing Liu, Qingyu Bi, Jinsong Tan, Xinqiao Yu, Junguo Bi and Lijun Luo Plants 2024, 13(10), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101319 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024 Abstract Seed dormancy and germination play pivotal roles in the agronomic traits of plants, and the degree of dormancy intuitively affects the yield and quality of crops in agricultural production. Seed priming is a pre-sowing seed treatment that enhances and accelerates germination, leading to [...] Read more. Seed dormancy and germination play pivotal roles in the agronomic traits of plants, and the degree of dormancy intuitively affects the yield and quality of crops in agricultural production. Seed priming is a pre-sowing seed treatment that enhances and accelerates germination, leading to improved seedling establishment. Seed priming technologies, which are designed to partially activate germination, while preventing full seed germination, have exerted a profound impact on agricultural production. Conventional seed priming relies on external priming agents, which often yield unstable results. What works for one variety might not be effective for another. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the internal factors within the metabolic pathways that influence seed physiology and germination. This review unveils the underlying mechanisms of seed metabolism and germination, the factors affecting seed dormancy and germination, as well as the current seed priming technologies that can result in stable and better germination. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue The Physiology of Abiotic Stress in Plants) 16 pages, 5918 KiB Open AccessArticle Linking Seed Traits and Germination Responses in Caribbean Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest Species by Viviana Londoño-Lemos, Alba Marina Torres-Gonzáles and Santiago Madriñán Plants 2024, 13(10), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101318 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024 Abstract Understanding the relationships between seed traits and germination responses is crucial for assessing natural regeneration, particularly in threatened ecosystems like the seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF). This study explored links between seed traits (mass, volume, moisture content, and dispersal type), germination responses (germinability, [...] Read more. Understanding the relationships between seed traits and germination responses is crucial for assessing natural regeneration, particularly in threatened ecosystems like the seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF). This study explored links between seed traits (mass, volume, moisture content, and dispersal type), germination responses (germinability, germination speed (v¯), time to 50% of germination (T50), synchrony, and photoblastism), and physical dormancy (PY) in 65 SDTF species under experimental laboratory conditions. We found that species with smaller seeds (low mass and volume) had higher v¯ and reached T50 faster than species with larger seeds. For moisture content, species with lower moisture content had higher germinability and reached the T50 faster than seeds with high moisture content. Abiotic dispersed species germinated faster and reached the T50 in fewer days. Most of the SDTF species (60%) did not present PY, and the presence of PY was associated with seeds with lower moisture content. As for photoblastism (germination sensitivity to light), we classified the species into three ecological categories: generalists (42 species, non-photoblastic), heliophytes (18 species, positive photoblastic, germination inhibited by darkness), and sciadophytes (5 species, negative photoblastic, light inhibited germination). This study intends to be a baseline for the study of seed ecophysiology in the SDTF. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives on New World Tropical Forests) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 16 pages, 751 KiB Open AccessReview Improving Crop Yield through Increasing Carbon Gain and Reducing Carbon Loss by Palanivelu Vikram Karthick, Alagarswamy Senthil, Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman, Kuppusamy Anitha, Ramalingam Kuttimani, Parasuraman Boominathan, Ramasamy Karthikeyan and Muthurajan Raveendran Plants 2024, 13(10), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101317 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024 Abstract Photosynthesis is a process where solar energy is utilized to convert atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates, which forms the basis for plant productivity. The increasing demand for food has created a global urge to enhance yield. Earlier, the plant breeding program was targeting [...] Read more. Photosynthesis is a process where solar energy is utilized to convert atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates, which forms the basis for plant productivity. The increasing demand for food has created a global urge to enhance yield. Earlier, the plant breeding program was targeting the yield and yield-associated traits to enhance the crop yield. However, the yield cannot be further improved without improving the leaf photosynthetic rate. Hence, in this review, various strategies to enhance leaf photosynthesis were presented. The most promising strategies were the optimization of Rubisco carboxylation efficiency, the introduction of a CO2 concentrating mechanism in C3 plants, and the manipulation of photorespiratory bypasses in C3 plants, which are discussed in detail. Improving Rubisco’s carboxylation efficiency is possible by engineering targets such as Rubisco subunits, chaperones, and Rubisco activase enzyme activity. Carbon-concentrating mechanisms can be introduced in C3 plants by the adoption of pyrenoid and carboxysomes, which can increase the CO2 concentration around the Rubisco enzyme. Photorespiration is the process by which the fixed carbon is lost through an oxidative process. Different approaches to reduce carbon and nitrogen loss were discussed. Overall, the potential approaches to improve the photosynthetic process and the way forward were discussed in detail. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosynthesis and Carbon Metabolism in Higher Plants and Algae) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 144 KiB) 25 pages, 2548 KiB Open AccessArticle Identification and Characterization of the Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and Their Potential Roles in Anthocyanin Intracellular Transportation by Xuxiang Wang, Jiajia Dong, Yiting Hu, Qiaoyu Huang, Xiaoying Lu, Yilin Huang, Mingyang Sheng, Lijun Cao, Buhuai Xu, Yongqiang Li, Yu Zong and Weidong Guo Plants 2024, 13(10), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101316 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024 Abstract The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) constitute a versatile enzyme family with pivotal roles in plant stress responses and detoxification processes. Recent discoveries attributed the additional function of facilitating anthocyanin intracellular transportation in plants to GSTs. Our study identified 178 VcGST genes from [...] Read more. The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) constitute a versatile enzyme family with pivotal roles in plant stress responses and detoxification processes. Recent discoveries attributed the additional function of facilitating anthocyanin intracellular transportation in plants to GSTs. Our study identified 178 VcGST genes from 12 distinct subfamilies in the blueberry genome. An uneven distribution was observed among these genes across blueberry’s chromosomes. Members within the same subfamily displayed homogeneity in gene structure and conserved protein motifs, whereas marked divergence was noted among subfamilies. Functional annotations revealed that VcGSTs were significantly enriched in several gene ontology and KEGG pathway categories. Promoter regions of VcGST genes predominantly contain light-responsive, MYB-binding, and stress-responsive elements. The majority of VcGST genes are subject to purifying selection, with whole-genome duplication or segmental duplication serving as key processes that drive the expansion of the VcGST gene family. Notably, during the ripening of the blueberry fruit, 100 VcGST genes were highly expressed, and the expression patterns of 24 of these genes demonstrated a strong correlation with the dynamic content of fruit anthocyanins. Further analysis identified VcGSTF8, VcGSTF20, and VcGSTF22 as prime candidates of VcGST genes involved in the anthocyanin intracellular transport. This study provides a reference for the exploration of anthocyanin intracellular transport mechanisms and paves the way for investigating the spectrum of GST functions in blueberries. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Development, Ripening and Quality) 20 pages, 3492 KiB Open AccessArticle Allelopathic Effects of Corn Straw and Its Water Extracts on Four Weed Species and Foxtail Millet by Shuqi Dong, Jiaxin Dong, Peiyao Li, Bo Cao, Mengyao Liu, Zhenyu Guo, Xie Song, Yongqing Ma, Chunyan Hu and Xiangyang Yuan Plants 2024, 13(10), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101315 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024 Abstract Straw covering is a protective tillage measure in agricultural production, but there is relatively little research on the allelopathic effects of corn straw on weeds and foxtail millet. This experiment studied the allelopathic effects of corn straw on four weeds (Chenopodium album [...] Read more. Straw covering is a protective tillage measure in agricultural production, but there is relatively little research on the allelopathic effects of corn straw on weeds and foxtail millet. This experiment studied the allelopathic effects of corn straw on four weeds (Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crus-galli and Amaranthus retroflexus) in foxtail millet fields, and also measured the growth indicators of foxtail millet. The study consisted of Petri dish and field experiments. Five treatments were used in the Petri dish experiment: clear water as control (0 g/L, TCK) and four types of corn straw water extracts. They were, respectively, the stock solution (100 g/L, T1), 10 X dilution (10 g/L, T2), 50 X dilution (2 g/L, T3), and 100 X dilution (1 g/L, T4) of corn straw water extracts. Additionally, seven treatments were set up in the field experiment, consisting of three corn straw covering treatments, with covering amounts of 3000 (Z1), 6000 (Z2) and 12,000 kg/ha (Z3), and four control treatments—one treatment with no corn straw cover (CK) and three treatments involving the use of a black film to create the same shading area as the corn straw covered area, with black film coverage areas of 50% (PZ1), 70% (PZ2), and 100% (PZ3), respectively. The results showed that the corn straw water extract reduced the germination rate of the seeds of the four weeds. The T1 treatment resulted in the allelopathic promotion of C. album growth but the inhibition of S. viridis, E. crus-galli, and A. retroflexus growth. Treatments T2, T3, and T4 all induced the allelopathic promotion of the growth of the four weeds. The order of the effects of the corn straw water extracts on the comprehensive allelopathy index of the four weed seeds was as follows: C. album > S. viridis > A. retroflexus > E. crus-galli. With an increase in the corn straw mulching amount, the density and total coverage of the four weeds showed a gradual downward trend, whereas the plant control effect and fresh weight control effect showed a gradual upward trend. All indices showed the best results under 12,000 kg/ha of mulching and returning to the field. Overall, corn straw coverage significantly impacted the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of foxtail millet and increased the yield of foxtail millet. Under coverages of 6000 and 12,000 kg/ha, the growth of foxtail millet is better. Based on our findings, we recommend a corn straw coverage of 12,000 kg/ha for the allelopathic control of weeds in foxtail millet fields. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Chemical Ecology) 17 pages, 24683 KiB Open AccessArticle Monitoring of Chlorophyll Content of Potato in Northern Shaanxi Based on Different Spectral Parameters by Hongzhao Shi, Xingxing Lu, Tao Sun, Xiaochi Liu, Xiangyang Huang, Zijun Tang, Zhijun Li, Youzhen Xiang, Fucang Zhang and Jingbo Zhen Plants 2024, 13(10), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101314 - 10 May 2024 Abstract Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is an important physiological index to evaluate the photosynthetic capacity and growth health of crops. In this investigation, the focus was placed on the chlorophyll content per unit of leaf area (LCCA) and the chlorophyll content per [...] Read more. Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is an important physiological index to evaluate the photosynthetic capacity and growth health of crops. In this investigation, the focus was placed on the chlorophyll content per unit of leaf area (LCCA) and the chlorophyll content per unit of fresh weight (LCCW) during the tuber formation phase of potatoes in Northern Shaanxi. Ground-based hyperspectral data were acquired for this purpose to formulate the vegetation index. The correlation coefficient method was used to obtain the “trilateral” parameters with the best correlation between potato LCCA and LCCW, empirical vegetation index, any two-band vegetation index constructed after 0–2 fractional differential transformation (step size 0.5), and the parameters with the highest correlation among the three spectral parameters, which were divided into four combinations as model inputs. The prediction models of potato LCCA and LCCW were constructed using the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithms. The results showed that, compared with the “trilateral” parameter and the empirical vegetation index, the spectral index constructed by the hyperspectral reflectance after differential transformation had a stronger correlation with potato LCCA and LCCW. Compared with no treatment, the correlation between spectral index and potato LCC and the prediction accuracy of the model showed a trend of decreasing after initial growth with the increase in differential order. The highest correlation index after 0–2 order differential treatment is DI, and the maximum correlation coefficients are 0.787, 0.798, 0.792, 0.788 and 0.756, respectively. The maximum value of the spectral index correlation coefficient after each order differential treatment corresponds to the red edge or near-infrared band. A comprehensive comparison shows that in the LCCA and LCCW estimation models, the RF model has the highest accuracy when combination 3 is used as the input variable. Therefore, it is more recommended to use the LCCA to estimate the chlorophyll content of crop leaves in the agricultural practices of the potato industry. The results of this study can enhance the scientific understanding and accurate simulation of potato canopy spectral information, provide a theoretical basis for the remote sensing inversion of crop growth, and promote the development of modern precision agriculture. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Spectral Techniques in Agriculture and Forestry) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 15 pages, 5122 KiB Open AccessArticle Effect of Exogenous Organic Matter on Phosphorus Forms in Middle-High Fertility Cinnamon Soil by Xiaodi Shi, Duanyin Gu, Haotian Yang, Yun Li, Yaqun Jiang, Nanbiao Zhan and Xiumin Cui Plants 2024, 13(10), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101313 - 10 May 2024 Abstract Objectives: To slow down the chemical fixation of phosphate fertilizer, reduce the risk of active phosphorus leaching, stimulate the inherent phosphorus resource activity of soil, and improve phosphorus supply capacity. Methods: This study utilized a combination of field experiments and indoor chemical analysis. [...] Read more. Objectives: To slow down the chemical fixation of phosphate fertilizer, reduce the risk of active phosphorus leaching, stimulate the inherent phosphorus resource activity of soil, and improve phosphorus supply capacity. Methods: This study utilized a combination of field experiments and indoor chemical analysis. Six types of exogenous organic matter (fulvic acid, biochar, compound microbial fertilizer, high-energy microbial inoculum, pig manure-vermicompost, cow manure-vermicompost) were added based on conventional fertilization. The experiment was conducted under the wheat-maize rotation system in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Results: Compared with control (CK) without exogenous organic matter (EOM), all the other treatments with EOM had an enhancing effect on the available phosphorus of the cultivated soil. During the maize harvest, the combined application of biochar, pig manure-vermicompost and cow manure-vermicompost treatment significantly increased the content of available phosphorus in 0–20 cm soil by 45.87–56.59% compared with CK. The combined application of fulvic acid, biochar, pig manure-vermicompost and cow manure-vermicompost treatment significantly increased the content of Ca2-P in 0–20 cm soil by 34.04–65.14%. The content of Ca10-P in each treatment with EOM exhibited a lower level compared to CK. EOM could slow down the fixation of phosphorus to some degree. Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P, neutral phosphatase activity, acid phosphatase activity, and the available phosphorus content in the soil. The combined application of fulvic acid, biochar, and cow manure-vermicompost could enhance the activity of neutral and acid phosphatase in topsoil to a certain extent, thereby facilitating the conversion of phosphorus into highly available Ca2-P. EOM could enhance the soil phosphorus availability and decelerate the conversion of soil phosphorus into O-P and Ca10-P forms with low availability. Among all treatments, biochar exhibited the most pronounced efficiency in mitigating phosphorus leaching downward. Conclusions: All the EOMs had the potential to enhance the conversion of phosphorus into soluble phosphorus (Ca2-P), thereby mitigating the chemical fixation of soil phosphorus and ameliorating non-point source pollution caused by phosphorus. EOM enhanced the activity of neutral and acid phosphatase, which was beneficial to the conversion of organic phosphorus to inorganic phosphorus and increasing the content of available phosphorus. All EOMs had good effects on the retention of soil effective phosphorus, among which biochar had the best effect on retaining effective phosphorus in the tillage layer and blocking phosphorus leaching downward. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Nutrition and Novel Fertilizers) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 252 KiB) 19 pages, 3389 KiB Open AccessArticle Exploring Nitric Oxide as a Regulator in Salt Tolerance: Insights into Photosynthetic Efficiency in Maize by Georgi D. Rashkov, Martin A. Stefanov, Ekaterina K. Yotsova, Preslava B. Borisova, Anelia G. Dobrikova and Emilia L. Apostolova Plants 2024, 13(10), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101312 - 10 May 2024 Abstract The growing issue of salinity is a significant threat to global agriculture, affecting diverse regions worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO) serves as an essential signal molecule in regulating photosynthetic performance under physiological and stress conditions. The present study reveals the protective effects of different [...] Read more. The growing issue of salinity is a significant threat to global agriculture, affecting diverse regions worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO) serves as an essential signal molecule in regulating photosynthetic performance under physiological and stress conditions. The present study reveals the protective effects of different concentrations (0–300 µM) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) on the functions of the main complexes within the photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl). The data showed that SNP alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress and prevents changes in the fluidity of thylakoid membranes (Laurdan GP) and energy redistribution between the two photosystems (77K chlorophyll fluorescence ratio F735/F685). Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements demonstrated that the foliar spray with SNP under salt stress prevents the decline of photosystem II (PSII) open reaction centers (qP) and improves their efficiency (Φexc), thereby influencing QA− reoxidation. The data also revealed that SNP protects the rate constants for two pathways of QA− reoxidation (k1 and k2) from the changes caused by NaCl treatment alone. Additionally, there is a predominance of QA− interaction with plastoquinone in comparison to the recombination of electrons in QA QB− with the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). The analysis of flash oxygen evolution showed that SNP treatment prevents a salt-induced 10% increase in PSII centers in the S0 state, i.e., protects the initial S0–S1 state distribution, and the modification of the Mn cluster in the OEC. Moreover, this study demonstrates that SNP-induced defense occurs on both the donor and acceptor sides of the PSII, leading to the protection of overall photosystems performance (PIABS) and efficient electron transfer from the PSII donor side to the reduction of PSI end electron acceptors (PItotal). This study clearly shows that the optimal protection under salt stress occurs at approximately 50–63 nmoles NO/g FW in leaves, corresponding to foliar spray with 50–150 µM SNP. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1363 KiB) 13 pages, 2666 KiB Open AccessArticle Investigation of Pharmacologically Important Polyphenolic Secondary Metabolites in Plant-based Food Samples Using HPLC-DAD by Naheed Akhtar, Amna Jabbar Siddiqui, Muhammad Ramzan, Jalal Uddin, Mufarreh Asmari, Hesham R. El-Seedi and Syed Ghulam Musharraf Plants 2024, 13(10), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101311 - 10 May 2024 Abstract Polyphenolic compounds are vital components of plants. However, their analysis is particularly difficult and challenging due to their similar chemical and structural properties. In this study, we developed a simple and reproducible HPLC-DAD protocol for determining nineteen pharmacologically important polyphenols in plant-based food [...] Read more. Polyphenolic compounds are vital components of plants. However, their analysis is particularly difficult and challenging due to their similar chemical and structural properties. In this study, we developed a simple and reproducible HPLC-DAD protocol for determining nineteen pharmacologically important polyphenols in plant-based food samples, including fruits (apple, banana, grapefruit, peach, grapes, plum, and pear), vegetables (onion, cabbage, capsicum, garlic, lemon, tomato, potato, and spinach), and other edible items (corn, kidney beans, green tea, black tea, and turmeric). The reference standards were pooled into four different groups based on logP values and expected retention time to avoid compound co-elution. These developed methods will be useful for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically important polyphenolic compounds in various food samples and botanicals. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Analysis and Metabolic Profiling in Plants) ►▼ Show Figures Graphical abstract attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 322 KiB) 14 pages, 802 KiB Open AccessArticle Response of Functional Traits of Aquatic Plants to Water Depth Changes under Short-Term Eutrophic Clear-Water Conditions: A Mesocosm Study by Yang Liu, Leah Ndirangu, Wei Li, Junfeng Pan, Yu Cao and Erik Jeppesen Plants 2024, 13(10), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101310 - 9 May 2024 Abstract Aquatic plants play a key role in the structuring and functioning of shallow lake ecosystems. However, eutrophication often triggers shifts in plant communities and species diversity, especially in the early stages when the water is still clear. Additionally, water depth is an important [...] Read more. Aquatic plants play a key role in the structuring and functioning of shallow lake ecosystems. However, eutrophication often triggers shifts in plant communities and species diversity, especially in the early stages when the water is still clear. Additionally, water depth is an important factor regulating aquatic plant communities. We conducted a 50-day mesocosm study to investigate how water depth (50 cm and 100 cm) affected the functional traits (vertical expansion versus horizontal colonisation) of 20 aquatic plants under eutrophic clear-water conditions. Among the selected species, the submerged plants Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Limnophila indica exhibited higher plant height or biomass in deeper water, while the emergent plants Myriophyllum aquaticum showed the opposite trend. Additionally, Ludwigia peploides subsp. stipulacea exhibited better vertical growth than the remaining species, and the submerged species Vallisneria denseserrulata had better horizontal colonisation. There was a positive correlation between plant height and rhizome length, indicating the absence of a trade-off between vertical growth and horizontal expansion. Our findings suggest an overall resilience of aquatic plants to varying water depths within our study range and highlight the importance of analysing functional traits when selecting appropriate species in freshwater ecosystem restoration, particularly in the face of climate change-induced water depth fluctuations. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Plant Biology 2023) attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 764 KiB) 21 pages, 2528 KiB Open AccessArticle Identification of Novel Loci Precisely Modulating Pre-Harvest Sprouting Resistance and Red Color Components of the Seed Coat in T. aestivum L. by Svetlana D. Afonnikova, Antonina A. Kiseleva, Anna V. Fedyaeva, Evgenii G. Komyshev, Vasily S. Koval, Dmitry A. Afonnikov and Elena A. Salina Plants 2024, 13(10), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101309 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024 Abstract The association between pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and seed coat color has long been recognized. Red-grained wheats generally exhibit greater PHS resistance compared to white-grained wheat, although variability in PHS resistance exists within red-grained varieties. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study on a [...] Read more. The association between pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and seed coat color has long been recognized. Red-grained wheats generally exhibit greater PHS resistance compared to white-grained wheat, although variability in PHS resistance exists within red-grained varieties. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study on a panel consisting of red-grained wheat varieties, aimed at uncovering genes that modulate PHS resistance and red color components of seed coat using digital image processing. Twelve loci associated with PHS traits were identified, nine of which were described for the first time. Genetic loci marked by SNPs AX-95172164 (chromosome 1B) and AX-158544327 (chromosome 7D) explained approximately 25% of germination index variance, highlighting their value for breeding PHS-resistant varieties. The most promising candidate gene for PHS resistance was TraesCS6B02G147900, encoding a protein involved in aleurone layer morphogenesis. Twenty-six SNPs were significantly associated with grain color, independently of the known Tamyb10 gene. Most of them were related to multiple color characteristics. Prioritization of genes within the revealed loci identified TraesCS1D03G0758600 and TraesCS7B03G1296800, involved in the regulation of pigment biosynthesis and in controlling pigment accumulation. In conclusion, our study identifies new loci associated with grain color and germination index, providing insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying these traits. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Genetics and Molecular Genetics) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 15 pages, 6401 KiB Open AccessArticle Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Photosynthesis, Yield, and Quality of Pakchoi under Different Irrigation Conditions by Shudong Lin, Kai Wei, Quanjiu Wang, Yan Sun, Mingjiang Deng and Wanghai Tao Plants 2024, 13(10), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101308 - 9 May 2024 Abstract Water scarcity and the overuse of chemical fertilizers present significant challenges to modern agriculture, critically affecting crop photosynthesis, yield, quality, and productivity sustainability. This research assesses the impact of organic fertilizer on the photosynthetic attributes, yield, and quality of pakchoi under varying irrigation [...] Read more. Water scarcity and the overuse of chemical fertilizers present significant challenges to modern agriculture, critically affecting crop photosynthesis, yield, quality, and productivity sustainability. This research assesses the impact of organic fertilizer on the photosynthetic attributes, yield, and quality of pakchoi under varying irrigation water conditions, including fresh water and brackish water. Findings reveal that the modified rectangular hyperbolic model most accurately captures the photosynthetic reaction to organic fertilization, outperforming other evaluated models. The maximum net photosynthesis rate (Pnmax), yield, soluble sugar (SS), and soluble protein content (SP) all exhibited a downward-opening quadratic parabolic trend with increasing amounts of organic fertilizer application. Specifically, under fresh-water irrigation, the optimal Pnmax, yield, SS, and SP were obtained at organic fertilizer rates of 65.77, 74.63, 45.33, and 40.79 kg/ha, respectively, achieving peak values of 20.71 µmol/(m2·s), 50,832 kg/ha, 35.63 g/kg, and 6.25 g/kg. This investigation provides a foundational basis for further research into the intricate relationship between water salinity stress and nutrient management, with the goal of crafting more sophisticated and sustainable farming methodologies. The insights gained could significantly influence organic fertilizer practices, promoting not only higher yields but also superior quality in agricultural outputs. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Management and Efficient Utilization of Water and Fertilizer in Field Crops II) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 696 KiB) 12 pages, 2578 KiB Open AccessArticle Variability of Silver Fir Needle (Abies alba Mill.) Anatomical Features in the Southeast Europe Natural Populations by Vladan Popović, Aleksandar Lučić, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Aleksandar Vemić, Sanja Jovanović, Biljana M. Nikolić and Danijela Miljković Plants 2024, 13(10), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101307 - 9 May 2024 Abstract The survival of marginal/peripheral silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations in the broader region of Southeast Europe is endangered due to climate change and population decline. This study aimed to determine the level and pattern of variability for the anatomical traits of [...] Read more. The survival of marginal/peripheral silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations in the broader region of Southeast Europe is endangered due to climate change and population decline. This study aimed to determine the level and pattern of variability for the anatomical traits of needles and the possibility of linking the pattern of phenotypic variability with environmental factors. In most of the analyzed needle traits, the statistically significant variability between populations was determined. According to the results of the multivariate principal component analysis, it is evident that the populations are distinct from each other, in three groups. The climatic factors Hargreaves reference evaporation, mean annual temperature, and growing degree-days, were statistically significantly correlated. The altitude and heating degree-days are statistically significantly correlated with the following three environmental factors: Hargreaves reference evaporation, mean annual temperature and growing degree-days, but negatively with others. The paper’s findings indicate significant moderate and high correlations between the anatomical traits of the needles’ central bundle diameter with the resin duct diameter, the distance between the vascular bundle and the resin duct and the epidermis thickness with cuticle, the resin duct diameter with the distance between the vascular bundle and the resin duct and the epidermis thickness with cuticle, as well as the distance between the vascular bundle and the resin duct with the hypodermis height and the epidermis thickness with cuticle. The results of agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis, performed for anatomical and climatic traits, confirmed the existence of three groups of tested populations according to the altitude gradient. Research results provide knowledge on the diversity and structure of Abies alba populations of Southeast Europe, important for further research and guidelines for the species’ conservation and genetic variability preservation in the southern marginal distribution area and keeping in line with climate change projections. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Anatomy and Cell Biology) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 8 KiB) 11 pages, 4015 KiB Open AccessArticle Overexpression of Calcineurin B-like Interacting Protein Kinase 31 Promotes Lodging and Sheath Blight Resistance in Rice by Jingsheng Chen, Siting Wang, Shiqi Jiang, Tian Gan, Xin Luo, Rujie Shi, Yuanhu Xuan, Guosheng Xiao and Huan Chen Plants 2024, 13(10), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101306 - 9 May 2024 Abstract A breakthrough “Green Revolution” in rice enhanced lodging resistance by using gibberellin-deficient semi-dwarf varieties. However, the gibberellic acid (GA) signaling regulation on rice disease resistance remains unclear. The resistance test showed that a positive GA signaling regulator DWARF1 mutant d1 was more susceptible [...] Read more. A breakthrough “Green Revolution” in rice enhanced lodging resistance by using gibberellin-deficient semi-dwarf varieties. However, the gibberellic acid (GA) signaling regulation on rice disease resistance remains unclear. The resistance test showed that a positive GA signaling regulator DWARF1 mutant d1 was more susceptible while a negative GA signaling regulator Slender rice 1 (SLR1) mutant was less susceptible to sheath blight (ShB), one of the major rice diseases, suggesting that GA signaling positively regulates ShB resistance. To isolate the regulator, which simultaneously regulates rice lodging and ShB resistance, SLR1 interactors were isolated. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and Co-IP assay results indicate that SLR1 interacts with Calcineurin B-like-interacting protein kinase 31 (CIPK31). cipk31 mutants exhibited normal plant height, but CIPK31 OXs showed semi-dwarfism. In addition, the SLR1 level was much higher in CIPK31 OXs than in the wild-type, suggesting that CIPK31 OX might accumulate SLR1 to inhibit GA signaling and thus regulate its semi-dwarfism. Recently, we demonstrated that CIPK31 interacts and inhibits Catalase C (CatC) to accumulate ROS, which promotes rice disease resistance. Interestingly, CIPK31 interacts with Vascular Plant One Zinc Finger 2 (VOZ2) in the nucleus, and expression of CIPK31 accumulated VOZ2. Inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA revealed that the voz2 mutant was more susceptible to ShB. Thus, these data prove that CIPK31 promotes lodging and ShB resistance by regulating GA signaling and VOZ2 in rice. This study provides a valuable reference for rice ShB-resistant breeding. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathology and Epidemiology for Grain, Pulses, and Cereal Crops) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 243 KiB) 11 pages, 2232 KiB Open AccessCommunication Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Cnidium monnieri Extract via p38 Signaling-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation of Tyrosinase by Soon Ho Choi, Hyunggun Kim, Jeon Hwang-Bo, Kyoung Mi Kim, Jeong Eun Kwon, Sung Ryul Lee, Sun Ha Hwang, Se Chan Kang and Yeong-Geun Lee Plants 2024, 13(10), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101305 - 9 May 2024 Abstract Cnidium monnieri fructus is widely used in traditional Oriental medicine for treating female genital disorders, male impotence, frigidity, and skin-related conditions in East Asia. However, the role of C. monnieri fructus extract (CMFE) in melanin synthesis is not well elucidated. This study aimed [...] Read more. Cnidium monnieri fructus is widely used in traditional Oriental medicine for treating female genital disorders, male impotence, frigidity, and skin-related conditions in East Asia. However, the role of C. monnieri fructus extract (CMFE) in melanin synthesis is not well elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the anti-melanogenesis effect and mechanism of action of CMFE in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. Intracellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity were measured in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells treated with various concentrations of CMFE (0.5–5 μg/mL). mRNA and protein levels of tyrosinase and MITF were evaluated using qRT-PCR and ting. CMFE’s effect on the proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase was confirmed using a proteasomal degradation inhibitor, MG132. CMFE treatment activated p38, a protein associated with proteasomal degradation. Treatment with CMFE at up to 5 μg/mL showed no significant cytotoxicity. CMFE significantly reduced α-MSH-stimulated melanin production (43.29 ± 3.55% decrease, p < 0.05) and cellular tyrosinase activity (31.14 ± 3.15% decrease, p < 0.05). Although mRNA levels of MITF and tyrosinase increased, CMFE suppressed tyrosinase protein levels. The suppressive effect of CMFE on tyrosinase protein was blocked by MG132. CMFE inhibited melanogenesis by promoting the proteasome degradation of tyrosinase through p38 activation. These findings suggest that CMFE has the potential to be a natural whitening agent for inhibiting melanogenesis. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry of Plant Natural Products) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1509 KiB) 22 pages, 17525 KiB Open AccessArticle Genome-Wide Identification of Members of the Soybean CBL Gene Family and Characterization of the Functional Role of GmCBL1 in Responses to Saline and Alkaline Stress by Feng Jiao, Dongdong Zhang, Yang Chen and Jinhua Wu Plants 2024, 13(10), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101304 - 9 May 2024 Abstract Calcium ions function as key messengers in the context of intracellular signal transduction. The ability of plants to respond to biotic and abiotic stressors is highly dependent on the calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) signaling network. Here, a comprehensive [...] Read more. Calcium ions function as key messengers in the context of intracellular signal transduction. The ability of plants to respond to biotic and abiotic stressors is highly dependent on the calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) signaling network. Here, a comprehensive effort was made to identify all members of the soybean CBL gene family, leading to the identification of 15 total genes distributed randomly across nine chromosomes, including 13 segmental duplicates. All the GmCBL gene subfamilies presented with similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Analyses of the expression of these genes in different tissues revealed that the majority of these GmCBLs were predominantly expressed in the roots. Significant GmCBL expression and activity increases were also observed in response to a range of stress-related treatments, including salt stress, alkaline stress, osmotic stress, or exposure to salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, or abscisic acid. Striking increases in GmCBL1 expression were observed in response to alkaline and salt stress. Subsequent analyses revealed that GmCBL1 was capable of enhancing soybean salt and alkali tolerance through the regulation of redox reactions. These results offer new insight into the complex mechanisms through which the soybean CBL gene family regulates the responses of these plants to environmental stressors, highlighting promising targets for efforts aimed at enhancing soybean stress tolerance. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 18 pages, 4316 KiB Open AccessArticle Microbiological Mechanisms of Collaborative Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soil with Bacillus cereus and Lawn Plants by Beibei Zhou, Zehao Yang, Xiaopeng Chen, Ruonan Jia, Shaoxiong Yao, Bin Gan, Dongliang Fan, Xie Yang, Wenqian Li and Yunhan Chen Plants 2024, 13(10), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101303 - 9 May 2024 Abstract Severe cadmium contamination poses a serious threat to food security and human health. Plant–microbial combined remediation represents a potential technique for reducing heavy metals in soil. The main objective of this study is to explore the remediation mechanism of cadmium-contaminated soil using a [...] Read more. Severe cadmium contamination poses a serious threat to food security and human health. Plant–microbial combined remediation represents a potential technique for reducing heavy metals in soil. The main objective of this study is to explore the remediation mechanism of cadmium-contaminated soil using a combined approach of lawn plants and microbes. The target bacterium Bacillus cereus was selected from cadmium-contaminated soil in mining areas, and two lawn plants (Festuca arundinacea A‘rid III’ and Poa pratensis M‘idnight II’) were chosen as the target plants. We investigated the remediation effect of different concentrations of bacterial solution on cadmium-contaminated soil using two lawn plants through pot experiments, as well as the impact on the soil microbial community structure. The results demonstrate that Bacillus cereus promotes plant growth, and the combined action of lawn plants and Bacillus cereus improves soil quality, enhancing the bioavailability of cadmium in the soil. At a bacterial suspension concentration of 105 CFU/mL, the optimal remediation treatment was observed. The removal efficiency of cadmium in the soil under Festuca arundinacea and Poa pratensis treatments reached 33.69% and 33.33%, respectively. Additionally, the content of bioavailable cadmium in the rhizosphere soil increased by up to 13.43% and 26.54%, respectively. Bacillus cereus increased the bacterial diversity in the non-rhizosphere soil of both lawn plants but reduced it in the rhizosphere soil. Additionally, the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes, which have potential for heavy metal remediation, increased after the application of the bacterial solution. This study demonstrates that Bacillus cereus can enhance the potential of lawn plants to remediate cadmium-contaminated soil and reshape the microbial communities in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight into Cadmium Phytoremediation – Volume II) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 4 pages, 189 KiB Open AccessEditorial Forage Plant Ecophysiology under Different Stress Conditions by Agustín A. Grimoldi and Carla E. Di Bella Plants 2024, 13(10), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101302 - 9 May 2024 Abstract Forage production often occurs in fragile environments with low fertility and various limitations [...] Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Forage Plant Ecophysiology under Different Stress Conditions) More Articles...
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